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Top 10 Famous Native Americans

September 6, 2011 By gmDeerStar Leave a Comment

10. Chief Gall

Gall (c. 1840 – 1894) Lakota Phizí, was a battle leader of the Hunkpapa Lakota in the long war against the United States. He was one of the commanders in the Battle of Small Bighorn. Gall settled his band on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation in the Dakotas. Becoming a farmer, he encouraged his people to assimilate to reservation life.

He became a Christian convert. He served as a judge of the Court of Indian Affairs on the reservation. He became friendly with the Indian Agent, James McLaughlin. Eventually Gall turned against Sitting Bull, who had become involved with the Ghost Dance movement. Gall lived on the Standing Rock Agency until his death on December 5, 1894. -Wikipedia.org

9. Red Cloud

Red Cloud (Lakota: Maȟpíya Lúta), (1822 – December 10, 1909) was a war leader of the Oglala Lakota (Sioux). One of the most capable Native American opponents the United States Army faced, he led a successful conflict in 1866–1868 known as Red Cloud’s War over control of the Powder River Country in northwestern Wyoming and southern Montana. After the Treaty of Fort Laramie (1868), he led his people in the vital transition to reservation life. Some of his US opponents thought of him as overall leader of the Sioux, but this was mistaken. The large tribe had several major divisions and was highly decentralized. Bands among the Oglala and other divisions operated independently, even though some individual leaders such as Red Cloud were renowned as warriors. -Wikipedia.org

8. Chief Joseph

Chief Joseph (March 3, 1840 – September 21, 1904) was the chief of the Wal-lam-wat-kain (Wallowa) band of Nez Perce during General Oliver O. Howard’s attempt to forcibly remove his band and the other “non-treaty” Nez Perce to a reservation in Idaho. For his principled resistance to the removal, he became renowned as a humanitarian and peacemaker. An influx of new settlers caused by a gold rush led the government to call a second council in 1863.

Government commissioners questioned the Nez Perce to accept a new, much smaller reservation of 780,000 acres (3,200 km2) centered around the village of Lapwai in Idaho, and excluding the Wallowa Valley. In exchange, they were promised financial rewards and schools and a hospital for the reservation. Head Chief Lawyer and one of his allied chiefs signed the treaty on behalf of the Nez Perce Nation, but Joseph the Elder and several other chiefs were opposed to selling their lands, and did not sign.

Their refusal to sign caused a rift between the “non-treaty” and “treaty” bands of Nez Perce. The “treaty” Nez Perce went within the new Idaho reservation’s boundaries, while the “non-treaty” Nez Perce remained on their lands. Joseph the Elder demarcated Wallowa land with a series of poles, proclaiming, “Inside this boundary all our people were born. It circles the graves of our fathers, and we will never give up these graves to any man. -Wikipedia.org

7. Crazy Horse

Crazy Horse, literally “His-Horse-Is-Crazy” or “His-Horse-Is-Spirited” ; ca. 1840 – September 5, 1877) was a Native American war leader of the Oglala Lakota. He took up arms against the U.S. Federal government to fight against encroachments on the territories and way of life of the Lakota people, including leading a war party at the Battle of the Small Bighorn in June 1876.

After surrendering to U.S. troops under General Crook in 1877, Crazy Horse was fatally wounded by a military guard while allegedly resisting imprisonment at Camp Robinson in present-day Nebraska. He ranks among the most notable and iconic of Native American tribal members and has been honored by the U.S. Postal Service with a 13¢ Fantastic Americans series postage stamp. -Wikipedia.org

6. Geronimo

Geronimo (“one who yawns”; often spelled Goyathlay or Goyahkla in English) (June 16, 1829 – February 17, 1909) was a prominent Native American leader and medicine man of the Chiricahua Apache who fought against Mexico and the United States and their expansion into Apache tribal lands for several decades during the Apache Wars. The first Apache raids on Sonora and Chihuahua appear to have taken place during the late 17th century. To counter the early Apache raids on Spanish settlements, presidios were established at Janos (1685) in Chihuahua and at Fronteras (1690) in northern Opata country. In 1835, Mexico had placed a bounty on Apache scalps.

Two years later Mangas Coloradas or Dasoda-hae (Red Sleeves) became principal chief and war leader and started a series of retaliatory raids against the Mexicans. Apache raids on Mexican villages were so numerous and brutal that no area was safe. While Geronimo said he was never a chief, he was a military leader. As a Chiricahua Apache, this meant he was one of many people with special spiritual insights and abilities known to Apache people as “Power”. Among these were the ability to walk without leaving tracks; the abilities now known as telekinesis and telepathy; and the ability to survive gunshot (rifle/musket, pistol, and shotgun). Geronimo was wounded numerous times by both bullets and buckshot, but survived. Apache men chose to follow him of their own free will, and offered first-hand eye-witness testimony regarding his many “powers”.

They declared that this was the main reason why so many chose to follow him (he was favored by/protected by “Usen”, the Apache high-god). Geronimo’s “powers” were considered to be so fantastic that he personally painted the faces of the warriors who followed him to reflect their protective effect. During his career as a war chief, Geronimo was notorious for consistently urging raids and war upon Mexican Provinces and their various towns, and later against American locations across Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas. -Wikipedia.org

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5. John Ross

John Ross (October 3, 1790 – August 1, 1866), also known as Guwisguwi (a mythological or rare migratory bird), was Principal Chief of the Cherokee Native American Nation from 1828-1866. Described as the Moses of his people, Ross led the Nation through tumultuous years of development, relocation to Oklahoma, and the American Civil War. At the age of twenty, having completed his education and with bilingual skills, Ross was appointed as US Indian agent to the western Cherokee and sent to Arkansas. He served as an adjutant in a Cherokee regiment during the War of 1812.

With them he participated in fighting at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend against the British-allied Creek tribe. Ross then started a series of business ventures. He derived the majority of his wealth from cultivating 170 acres (0.69 km2) in Tennessee worked by twenty slaves. In 1816 he founded Ross’s Landing and ferry. In addition, Ross established a trading firm and warehouse. In total, he earned upwards on one-thousand dollars a year. After Ross and the Cherokee were removed to Oklahoma, settlers changed the name of Ross’s Landing to Chattanooga. -Wikipedia.org

4. Chief Pontiac

Pontiac or Obwandiyag (c. 1720 – April 20, 1769), was an Ottawa leader who became well-known for his role in Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763–1766), an American Indian struggle against the British military occupation of the Fantastic Lakes region following the British victory in the French and Indian War. Historians disagree about Pontiac’s importance in the war that bears his name. Nineteenth century accounts described him as the mastermind and leader of the revolt, while some subsequent interpretations have depicted him as a local leader with limited overall influence.

The war started in May 1763 when Pontiac and 300 followers attempted to take Fort Detroit by surprise. His plot foiled, Pontiac laid siege to the fort, and was eventually joined by more than 900 warriors from a half-dozen tribes. Meanwhile, messengers spread the word of Pontiac’s actions, and the war expanded far beyond Detroit. In July 1763, Pontiac defeated a British detachment at the Battle of Bloody Run, but he was unable to capture the fort. In October he lifted the siege and withdrew to the Illinois country. -Wikipedia.org

3. Sequoyah

Sequoyah (circa 1767–1843), named in English George Gist or Guess, was a Cherokee silversmith who in 1821 completed his independent creation of a Cherokee syllabary, making reading and writing in Cherokee possible. This was the only time in recorded history that a member of an illiterate people independently made an effective writing system. After seeing its worth, the Cherokee Nation rapidly started to use his syllabary and officially adopted it in 1825. Their literacy rate rapidly surpassed that of surrounding European-American settlers. -Wikipedia.org

2. Tecumseh

Tecumseh (March 1768 – October 5, 1813), also known as Tecumtha or Tekamthi, was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy that opposed the United States during Tecumseh’s War and the War of 1812. He grew up in the Ohio country during the American Revolutionary War and the Northwest Indian War, where he was constantly exposed to warfare. His brother Tenskwatawa was a religious leader who advocated a return to the ancestral lifestyle of the tribes.

A large following and a confederacy grew around his prophetic teachings. The Native American independence movement led to strife with settlers on the frontier. The confederacy will eventually go farther into the northwest and settle Prophetstown, Indiana in 1808. At Prophetstown, Tecumseh confronted Indiana Governor William Henry Harrison to demand that land buy treaties be rescinded. Tecumseh tried to unite Native American tribes in a confederacy throughout the North American continent.

While he was traveling to convince other tribes to join the movement, Tenskwatawa was defeated in the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe. During the War of 1812, Tecumseh’s confederacy allied with the British in Canada and helped in the capture of Fort Detroit. The Americans, led by Harrison, launched a counter assault and invaded Canada. They killed Tecumseh in the Battle of the Thames, in which they were also victorious over the British. Tecumseh has subsequently become a legendary folk hero. He is remembered by many Canadians for his defense of the country. -Wikipedia.org

1. Sitting Bull

Sitting Bull, (c. 1831 – December 15, 1890) was a Hunkpapa Lakota Sioux holy man who led his people as a war chief during years of resistance to United States government policies. Born near the Grand River in South Dakota, he was killed by Indian agency police on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation during an attempt to arrest him and prevent him from supporting the Ghost Dance movement.

He is notable in American and Native American history for his role in the major victory at the Battle of the Small Bighorn against Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer and the U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment on June 25, 1876, where Sitting Bull’s premonition of defeating the cavalry became reality. Seven months after the battle, Sitting Bull and his group left the United States to Wood Mountain, Saskatchewan, where he remained until 1881, at which time he surrendered to US forces. A small remnant of his band under Chief Waŋblí Ǧí chose to stay at Wood Mountain. After his return to the United States, he briefly toured as a performer in Buffalo Bill’s Wild West show.

After working as a performer, Sitting Bull returned to the Standing Rock Agency in South Dakota. Because of fears that he would use his influence to support the Ghost Dance movement, Indian Service agent James McLaughlin at Fort Yates ordered his arrest. During an ensuing struggle between Sitting Bull’s followers and the agency police, Sitting Bull was shot in the side and head by Standing Rock policemen, Lieutenant Bull Head (Tatankapah) and Red Tomahawk Marcelus Chankpidutah, after the police were fired upon by Sitting Bull’s supporters.

His body was taken to nearby Fort Yates for burial, but in 1953, his remains were possibly exhumed and reburied near Mobridge, South Dakota, by his Lakota family who wanted his body to be nearer to his birthplace. But, some Sioux and historians dispute this claim and believe that any remains that were went were not those of Sitting Bull. -Wikipedia.org

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U.S. Confirms Acceptance of Human Rights of Its Native Americans at the UN

September 1, 2011 By gmDeerStar Leave a Comment

The U.S. was one of only four countries – along with Canada, Australia and New Zealand – that voted against the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples when it was adopted by the General Assembly in September 2007, a go that followed more than two decades of debate.
Most of the Native Americans (Indigenous Peoples) of United States has different culture and have lost their life while failing to adjust to the present American Constitution. Whatever left is called Alaska Native, Native American topics, Chamorro people, Native Hawaiian, Native American tribes etc. These Indigenous Peoples still live tribal life..
On 19th December, UN Human Rights confirm the announcement by President Barack Obama that the United States supports the United Nations treaty outlining the rights of the world’s estimated 370 million indigenous peoples including in United States. With its announcement, the U.S. has now joined the other three countries in endorsing the treaty – a non-binding text that sets out the individual and collective rights of indigenous peoples, as well as their rights to culture, identity, language, employment, health, education and other issues.
370 million indigenous people including Native Americans in world
In addition, the UN Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, James Anaya, issued a statement saying he is “elated” at the US announcement, calling it a “groundbreaking development” for Native Americans and all those who seek greater protection for human rights across the globe.
“With its endorsement of the Declaration, the United States strengthens it stated commitment to improve the conditions of Native Americans and to address broken promises. Indigenous peoples can now look to the Declaration as a means of holding the United States to that commitment,” said Mr. Anaya, who reports to the Geneva-based UN Human Rights Council in an independent and unpaid capacity.
The Declaration emphasizes the rights of indigenous peoples to maintain and strengthen their own institutions, cultures and traditions and to pursue their development in keeping with their own needs and aspirations.

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It also prohibits discrimination against indigenous peoples and promotes their full and effective participation in all matters that concern them, and their right to remain distinct and to pursue their own visions of economic and social development.
Indigenous peoples are an ethnic group living in a geographical region to which they experienced the historical connection. .. Indigenous peoples in Canada are considered indigenous to Canada. Indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian inhabitants of North, Central and South America, their descendants and those stilling in territory of United States.
Vital human rights of Indigenous Peoples, approved by the United Nations and which are now entitled to Native Americans of United States are the following:
1 Native Americans are free and equal to all other civilizations developed.
2. Native Americans have the right to self determination. . They have the right to autonomy or self-government in matters relating to their internal and local affairs, as well as ways and means for financing their autonomous functions.
3. Native Americans have the right to maintain and strengthen their political, legal, economic, social and cultural rights, while retaining their right to participate fully, if they wish, in the political, economic, social and cultural development of the State.
4 Native Americans and individuals have the right not subjected to forced assimilation or destruction of their culture.
5 Native Americans shall not be forcibly removed from their lands or territories.
6. Native Americans have the right to practice and revitalize their cultural traditions and customs.
7. Native Americans have the right to manifest, practice, develop and teach their spiritual and religious traditions, customs and ceremonies, the right to preserve, protect, and private access to their religious and cultural sites.
8 Native Americans have the right to establish and control their own educational systems and institutions providing education in their own languages, in a manner appropriate to their cultural methods of teaching and learning.
9. Indigenous peoples have the right to establish their own media in their own language
10. Indigenous peoples have the right to participate in choice making on matters affecting their rights, through representatives chosen by themselves in accordance with their own procedures and to maintain and develop their own institutions of choice making.
11. Native Americans have the right to their traditional medicines and to maintain their health practices, including conservation of their vital medicinal plants, animals and minerals.
12. Native Americans have the right to maintain and strengthen their distinctive spiritual relationship with their traditionally owned or otherwise occupied and used lands, territories, waters and coastal seas and other resources and to assume their responsibilities towards future generations this area .
13. Native Americans have the right to lands, territories and resources traditionally owned, occupied or otherwise used or bought.
14. Military activities shall not take place in the lands or territories of indigenous peoples, unless justified by a significant threat against the public interest or otherwise freely agreed upon or requested by the indigenous peoples concerned.
15. Native Americans, in particular those divided by international borders, have the right to maintain and develop contacts, relations and cooperation, including activities for spiritual, cultural, political, economic and social, with their own members as well as other peoples across borders.
Obama will be remembered and respected by Native Americans (indigenous) to accept equal human rights.

Gaurav Virk author is Master of Computer Applications (MCA) and associated Web Solutions Company providing quality web design, development, maintenance services and human rights outsourcing

Stereotypes that Native Americans Face

September 1, 2011 By gmDeerStar Leave a Comment

Throughout all the races, stereotypes have made fake concepts about the right identity of each culture. The Native Americans are one prime example of this. The definition of stereotype is “a standardized mental picture that is held in common by members of a group and that represents an oversimplified opinion, prejudiced attitude, or uncritical judgment” (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stereotype[2]). In other words, a stereotype is a conforming thought about a group or race of people. When discussing Native Americans, many stereotypes do not accurately describe the identity this group of people, but there are some stereotypes have become right over time.

Native Americans have a very unique and special identity. In the past, Native Americans have been known to be highly spiritual and tribal. Some of these concepts remain today. This is evident in “ This Is What It Means To Say Phoenix, Arizona” when Alexie writes, “So Victor called the Tribal Council” (Alexie, 32). This statement shows that there is still a central council that runs the reservation. Some Native Americans today still practice cultural rituals to help maintain their heritage. Another characteristic of Native American identity is the resentment towards the US government. The government has oppressed them and taken their land over the past hundreds of years. There is still some rage that remains. A third characteristic is the respect for cultural heritage through people like Thomas. Thomas is a storyteller. In “This Is What It Means To Say Phoenix, Arizona”, there are numerous occasions when Thomas stops to tell a tale. One example is when Alexie writes, “’Hey’, Victor said. ‘Tell me a tale.’ Thomas closed his eyes and told this tale:” (Alexie, 35). Some of his tales contain very cultural and special knowledge, others are just for fun.

There are many stereotypes that inaccurately represent Native Americans. The main one being alcoholism. Many people believe that all Native Americans are alcoholics. This is not always the case. In the film, Victor is confronted by an officer asking if he was drunk at the scene of the crash. Victor answers that he has never drank alcohol in his entire life. This is one example that not all Native Americans drink. Victor chooses not to drink because of all the negative effects it has on the people around him. Another stereotype is how all Native Americans are still compared to the tribal and savage Native Americans of the past. People fail to recognize that the modern day Native

American is similar to anyone else. When people hear the word Native American, they still reckon of the savage Native Americans from the time when the country was founded. A third stereotype is that Native Americans still reject the “white man” for destroying their land hundreds of years ago. This stereotype can be both supported and rejected with the scene on the bus. In the tale, Victor and Thomas delight in a friendly conversation with the woman sitting next to them. In the film, Victor becomes mad at the woman for over exaggerating in her position on the Olympic team.

Even though most stereotypes are terrible and untrue, some do overlap with Native American characteristics. Alcohol is one overlap. The stereotype is that all Native Americans drink. It was proven to be untrue because of Victor, but there are still a large number of Native Americans that still drink. In the film, there were numerous scene depicting drunken parties. One leads to the fire that killed Thomas’ parents. Another overlap is the belief that all Native Americans are very tribal. Modern Native Americans do not wish to give up their tribal culture and customs, but to no extent is it like what it used to be hundreds of years ago. Some Native Americans still participate in cultural rituals and activities, but there are some that don’t. Even though this stereotype overlaps with the identity, the stereotype implies a society based around tribalism, but today it is only mildly practiced. A third overlap is the concept of the warrior status in the Native American identity. Some people believe Native Americans to be fierce warriors by nature. Most Native Americans are not like this, but in the case of Victor, they still like to maintain the thought of being a strong warrior. On the bus, Victor tells Thomas to act and look more like a warrior. It implies strength and superiority.

There are numerous stereotypes for all different races, and most of them do not accurately describe a races culture. Native Americans are commonly associated with many negative stereotypes, but some of these stereotypes overlap into their identity. Even though Native Americans of modernized, there are still several stereotypes that are right about their identity. Regarding all stereotypes, there are bound to be some that are right.

Written by Takkun

The struggle of Native Americans culture living in two worlds

May 22, 2011 By gmDeerStar Leave a Comment

The struggle of Native Americans culture living in two worlds

Introduction

For most Native Americans, daily life seems nearly a nightmare since the arrival of other people in their territory dating back to colonization. Native Americans struggle to maintain their culture amid the wave of globalization that seems to be changing everything even the closely held cultural practices. The influx of foreign culture and influences has systematically ruined the richness and way of life for Native Americans. Today, most Native Americans will acknowledge that they life in two worlds; one world with richness of culture and beauty of environment, and the other world full of problems and worriers on how they will meet their daily needs. They struggle on daily bases to find a balance between their rich culture and the changing nature of modern life. They seem to be fighting a strong wave of change and influence of modern time in reality of incompatibility of cultural practices and nature of modern life. For Native Americans, it no longer amounts to protection of culture but a struggle to survive in a life defined by two worlds.

Systematic erosion of Native American culture

The major problem for Native Americans has been government policies that have for years eroded the richness of their culture. Native American culture is rich and has struggled to remain intact but they have been systematically ruined by the emerging western culture. Dating back to 18th century, the government responded to gold rush in the Fantastic India plains with policies that perpetuated ethnocentrism (Harold, 2002). U.S government policy towards Native Americans shows that the government has been implementing policies with mixed effects on the Native Americans culture. Initially, the government followed policies that recognized the richness and diversity of the Native American culture but this was systematically ruined by the subsequent policies that sought to ruin Native American culture.

Changing government polices towards native Americans brings about confusion to most Native Americans. With lands established in their previous Fantastic Plains where they had roamed for years, Native American worriers were turned to farmers who struggle to get their daily bread. In addition, the government introduced schools and churches which systematically broke down the rich culture that had held the community together. Towards the end of the 19th century and in the course of 20th century, the government then place in place policies that once again recognized the rights of Native Americans to live in their ancestral land but the hurt had already been done and the process of reconstructing Native American culture was practically impossible (Harold, 2002).

Struggle to maintain culture in the changing social world

Native Americans like their culture and have a fantastic respect for it. Despite years of colonization, Native Americans have shown that they are ready to protect their culture, regardless of the minute aspect of their culture that still remains (Winona, 2004). For year, Native American tribes including the Fantastic Plain Indians have struggled to maintain the values that define their culture despite the incursion of the western culture into their territories. They have struggled to maintain their social institutions despite the incursion of modern government. It is the beauty of culture, that has defined them as a community for a larger part of their life, that keeps the community glued to their past. But, it is a just a struggle to stay in the past and at the same time (Harold, 2002).

This is more like living a double standard life, for the young and for the ancient. For most Native Americans, their culture is pearl, source of beauty, and point of satisfaction in life. But the changing nature of life works against the odds for most Native Americans. The introduction of schools, churches, government institutions, and others have worked to ruin the culture they have held for many years. Modern social institutions like the church and schools have particularly dealt a huge blow for most Native Americans to live in abundance of provisions of their culture (Harold, 2002). For children, it becomes particularly hard to go to school which trains them to become like whites and at the end of the return home back to their rich traditional culture. They can be described as children of the two worlds, one defined by richness and abundance of culture and the other defined by western values.

Maintaining beauty of the environment

The environment is a source of inspiration for most Native Americans (Winona, 2004). They have known the environment to provide everything they need in life, from food, medicines, clothes, and many others. For example the Amazon has been home to many Native Americans who consider it not just a forest but their home as well. They fancy and adore the beauty of nature and protect it with all their efforts. As a source of livelihood, they are not ready to exchange it for anything or see it systematically ruin. Native Americans live in natural environments which have not been interfered with and therefore delight in the beauty of their environment. Cool air, clean water that has not been toxic with industrial chemicals, clean environment, are just few of the goodies Native Americans draw from their environment (Harold, 2002). In others words, the struggle for Native Americans to maintain their environment is the beauty, satisfaction, and appreciation of nature that they draw from their surroundings. But this surrounding is quick being reclaimed by the expanding human settlement. The government is leasing lands to explore mineral wealth in these environments which is systematically destroying the environment.

Amid the beauty of nature in their environment, Native Americans have to struggle daily to look for food and other necessities of life. Outside their usual residence, the world is change facts and their children getting into contact with outside world. They are no longer contented remaining hunter and gathers forever. They want to live in decent home that have running water and comfortable beds. They want to wear clothes like the rest of the population. Amid the rising population, most Native Americans realize that the environment can no longer cater for all their needs and they are forced to face the outside world in search of new life (Winona, 2004). When they come back, they face the distorted reality of their environment and the outside world. For many Native Americans, working outside their environment and coming back home to their environment is a huge challenge they have live with, living the same life but in two worlds.

Is there reality for Native Americans culture in modern times?

There is a hard reality for Native American culture in the modern times. They have struggled for years to maintain their culture aimed the incursion of modern westernized culture but it is becoming a fantastic challenge. Their culture provides beauty, aspiration, happiness, and cohesion but this is also hard to hold on to. While those who live in their natural environment may find it simpler to practice and respect their culture, this may become hard for those who go outside their traditional settings and mix with westernized cultures. It is hard reality they have to live with balancing between royalty to their culture and the pleasure of the modern culture (Harold, 2002).

Native American culture will eventually be eroded in favor of modern culture. As the world become more and more globalized and native American interact with the outside world, not many will be in a position to hold on to their culture values (Winona, 2004). It is a culture full of richness and abundance but the changing times many not spare this richness and abundance. Most Native American will assure you that they live in struggle living the same life but in two worlds. The young Native Americans who make contact with the outside world may not hold to their native practices for long which means slow and slow, the Native American culture will be eroded (Harold, 2002). Like other native cultures, Native American culture holds dear to the practices the define it including language, foods, social institutions and others but these are being replaced at a quicker rate by new practices. It is hard reality for one to live two words at the same time. They cherish their culture that is naturally set to provide everything in their natural environment but they have to struggle to meet the needs of modern life.

Conclusion

Native Americans have for long struggle to maintain their culture. Since the advent of colonialism, government has implemented a number of policies that have systematically eroded the richness of their culture and ruined their natural environment. But, they are not ready to abandon their culture for any other and struggle daily to maintain it. Most native Americas have to live the same life but in two worlds; one defined by their native culture and another embedded to the modern culture.

Reference:

Harold, H. (2002). The current condition of Native Americans. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press

Winona, S. (2004). The paradox of Native American Indian culture. Melus, 29

The writer provides custom essay writing services at EssaysWritingService.com. She holds a PhD in Economics from Harvard University.

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